What are Anatomy and Physiology?

The terms anatomy and physiology are used collectively to describe the composition and functions of the human body. Anatomy is the study of the structure of living things, and physiology addresses the many functions of living things. These terms tend to travel together when relating to the human body. It is impossible to separate anatomical structure completely from the physiologic function because the partnership begins prior to what is recognized as the building block of life—the cell. The function begins with the chemical attraction of the tiniest subatomic particles resulting in an atom.

Atoms link together to form molecules, molecules form organelles, and finally, we arrive at the development of a single cell. The cell is the smallest unit considered alive.

Diagram shows biological structures from atoms to organisms, including molecules, organelles, cells, organs, and systems

Each cell consists of organelles that carry out specific duties and functions to maintain a healthy environment for life to continue. Strangely enough, each cell consists of the same structural elements, but the cells develop specialized functions that differ. Cells that share common functions group together and form tissues. Groups of different tissues form organs. Organs are the most complex structures thus far, allowing specialized functions. Organs working together to provide specialized functions are considered organ systems. Organ systems collaborate and make up a functioning organism.

Watch the presentation below to learn more.

As an organism, let's examine the needs of the human body and all other organisms.

Needs of the human body and all other organisms

Water: About 70% of the human body is composed of water. Water provides transportation of vital substances as well as assists in the regulation of body temperature.
Food: The substance ingested providing the chemical nutrients required to produce energy and support chemical function.
Oxygen: Approximately 21% of the atmosphere consists of oxygen. Oxygen is required to support the metabolic process.
Heat: An energy existing both in the environment and inside an organism. Heat supports the chemical reactions associated with the metabolic process.
Pressure: The atmospheric force produced by the weight of the air on the human body keeping the lungs open.

The presence of each of these elements does not guarantee the survival of the human organism. The quality and amount of each element play a role in survival. From the beginning of time, the human organism has been plagued with conditions that impair the proper functioning of the body and its parts. We refer to conditions of this nature as diseases. The branch of science that describes how the body functions when a person has a disease is pathophysiology. "Patho-," from the Greek term pathos, defined as suffering or disease, is accurately affixed to the term physiology to describe a diseased function of the human organism. This course will touch on conditions affecting the individual body systems.

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