LF3 - Lesson: The Function of Plot and Structure

A statue of the 4th century BCE Greek philosopher, AristotleThe Function of Plot and Structure

Introduction

In Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis, the transformation of Gregor Samsa into a giant insect serves as a significant event that propels the narrative forward and sets the tone for the entire plot. This drastic metamorphosis becomes the central conflict, both internal and external, driving the story.

The physical transformation itself introduces a complex conflict as Gregor grapples with his altered identity and the ensuing challenges in his relationships. The unfolding events and conflicts that follow reveal the profound impact of this singular event, illustrating how it functions as a catalyst for the broader themes of alienation, existentialism, and the struggle for understanding within the narrative.

Image note: the statue to the right depicts Aristotle, a Greek philosopher who lived during the 4th century BCE. His theory of tragedy serves as a critical lens through which we can explore plot and structure.

Applying Aristotle's Theory of Tragedy to The Metamorphosis

The plot structure of The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka reflects elements of Aristotle's theory of tragedy, particularly in terms of the protagonist's downfall and the emotional catharsis experienced by the audience.

  1. The Hero and Reversal of Fortune: Aristotle's theory emphasizes the presence of a tragic hero with a fatal flaw that leads to a reversal of fortune. In The Metamorphosis, Gregor Samsa can be seen as a tragic hero whose transformation into an insect serves as a reversal of fortune. His once-normal life is disrupted, and his attempts to reconnect with his humanity lead to tragic consequences.
  2. Pity and Fear (Catharsis): Aristotle suggests that tragedy should evoke feelings of pity and fear in the audience, leading to a cathartic experience. Gregor's plight generates pity as he struggles with isolation and alienation in his insect form. The fear arises from the existential and absurd nature of his transformation, creating an emotional resonance that aligns with Aristotle's idea of catharsis.
  3. Unity of Action: Aristotle emphasizes the importance of unity of action in tragedy, where events are connected and contribute to a single, overarching narrative. In The Metamorphosis, the plot revolves around Gregor's transformation and its consequences, maintaining a focused unity of action as it explores the impact on his life and relationships.
  4. Hamartia: Aristotle's concept of hamartia, the tragic flaw that leads to a character's downfall, can be applied to Gregor's situation. His initial inability to assert himself and his unquestioning devotion to his family contribute to his tragic fate. The consequences of his hamartia become more pronounced as the narrative unfolds.
  5. Anagnorisis (Recognition) and Peripetia (Reversal): Aristotle's theory involves a moment of recognition (anagnorisis) and a reversal of fortune (peripeteia). Gregor's realization of his transformed state serves as anagnorisis, and his attempts to navigate the consequences constitute peripeteia. These elements contribute to the tragic arc of the narrative.

While Kafka's work may not fit neatly into classical tragedy, the themes and structural elements in The Metamorphosis align with Aristotle's principles, creating a poignant exploration of the human condition through the lens of absurdity and existential struggle.

Practice Activity

Let's expand on the exploration of Aristotle's theory of tragedy by exploring connections with your choice novels. For each novel title, turn the card over to read a brief application.

Final Thoughts

Aristotle's theory of tragedy, as outlined in his Poetics, posits that tragic narratives involve a protagonist with a fatal flaw leading to their downfall, evoking catharsis in the audience through emotions of pity and fear. Novels often embody this structure by presenting complex characters facing moral dilemmas or tragic circumstances, and the exploration of the alienated individual further deepens the emotional impact, inviting readers to reflect on the isolating effects of personal flaws and societal forces.

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