COG - Introduction to Memory Lesson

Learning Targets:

  • Compare and contrast various cognitive processes. 
  • Describe and differentiate the psychological and physiological systems of memory.
  • Identify the contributions of key researchers in cognitive psychology.

AP psychology course and exam description, effective fall 2020. (n.d.). https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap-psychology-course-and-exam-description.pdf

Introduction to Memory

Cognitive Processes

Memory is a fascinating aspect of the human mind that allows us to retain and recall information, experiences, and knowledge. Memory is not straightforward, and several cognitive processes influence how we encode, store, and retrieve information.Cognitive Processes

Types of cognitive processes:

  1. Effort vs. Automatic Processing: Effort processing refers to conscious attention and effort required to process and encode information. Learning a new skill or studying for an exam requires effort processing. Meanwhile, automatic processing takes place without conscious awareness or intent, such as recognizing a familiar face.

  2. Deep vs. Shallow Processing: Deep processing refers to the level of attention and elaboration given to the information during encoding. Deep processing allows us to retain information for longer. Deep processing includes semantic processing, which links new information to prior knowledge, and elaborative rehearsal, which connects new information to existing knowledge or personal experiences. As opposed to deep processing, shallow processing involves minimal attention and effort, focusing on superficial features of the information.

  3. Selective vs. Divided Attention: Selective attention refers to the ability to focus on one stimulus while ignoring others. If you're in a noisy environment, for example, you can selectively concentrate on the conversation you're having. On the other hand, divided attention involves multitasking. Talking to a passenger or listening to music while driving is an example of divided attention.

  4. Metacognition: Metacognition is the ability to monitor and control one's own cognitive processes. It involves understanding one's own thought processes and learning how to maximize memory retention. Self-monitoring, self-evaluation, and learning planning are examples of metacognitive strategies. Metacognition is an essential component of successful learning and can help students optimize their study habits and performance.

Psychological and Physiological Systems of Memory

Understanding the different memory systems can help us optimize our learning and memory retention by using strategies that target specific memory systems. For example, using repetition and practice can strengthen implicit memory, while elaborative rehearsal and mnemonic devices can enhance explicit memory.

Use these dialogue cards to learn about different systems of memory, then practice by quizzing yourself. 

Key Researchers in Cognitive Psychology 

These researchers have had significant impacts on the field of cognitive psychology, and their findings and theories have contributed to our understanding of how we process and retain information, problem-solve, and communicate.

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