The Elements of Argument

**What is Argument?**

Argument. Debate. Conflict. There are numerous terms that describe the divisions that exist between people. In AP English Language and Composition, much of what you will do centers around argument. Effective argument requires more than just persuading others; it requires knowing your audience, understanding opposing viewpoints, and using appeals to effectively convey your own perspective.

Argument is not exactly the same as persuasion. Argument is the process by which a claim is supported by reasoning and evidence. Persuasion, while similar, is attempting to convince someone of a belief or opinion. Thus, argument is an element of effective persuasion: a claim that is supported by evidence and reasoning helps to convince someone of your belief or opinion.

Elements of Argument

Argument includes many different components: claims, reasons, supporting evidence, and warrants.

Claim:
- A claim is an assertion about what one believes.
- Example: “Early high school start times are harmful to teens,...”
Reason:
- A reason is a statement that supports a claim; it typically is a response to the question “Why?”
- Example: “...because early start times mean that teens are getting less much-needed sleep.”
Supporting Evidence:
- Supporting evidence is used to show how the reason for the claim is strong and convincing. Supporting evidence should be factual.
- Example: “Studies have shown that students need more than 8 hours of sleep per night.”
Warrants:
- Warrants are often inferred in argument - that is because a warrant is the assumption that connects the supporting evidence to the claim.
- Example: “More sleep is ultimately safer for high school students.”

Practice Activity

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