CI: Lesson - Final Review of Subjunctive Forms

Final Review of Subjunctive Forms

Let's take one last look at the subjunctive mood by conjugating one verb in all four subjunctive tenses. When completing the Subjunctive Forms Project, each of the verbs you conjugate should include the following information.

Principal Parts

Write out the principal parts for the verb you have selected. Do not seek principal parts outside of the course, but instead use the vocabulary lists to list the correct forms. Most regular verbs have four principal parts, while deponent verbs have three. Irregular verbs can have either three or four.

• Example Verb:
  • dico, dicere, dixi, dictus - to say, speak, tell

Stems

The introduction of the subjunctive mood added several new stems, which are based on the three main indicative stems. We use these subjunctives stems to simplify the process: for instance, we can generally just add personal endings to the subjunctive stems. Let's use our sample verb to fully review verb stems:

• Indicative Stems
  • Present: dic- (dic - o)
  • Perfect: dix- (dixi - i)
  • Participle: dict- (dictus - us)
    • Used for the passive voice subjunctive perfect and pluperfect 
• Subjunctive Stems
  • Present: dica- (add -a to present stem*)
    • Used for active and passive forms
  • Imperfect: dicere- (use 2nd PP)**
    • Used for active and passive forms
  • Perfect: dixeri- (add -eri to the perfect stem)
    • Used for active forms only
  • Pluperfect: dixisse- (use perfect active infinitive = add -isse to the perfect stem)
    • Used for active forms only

Nota bene

• *Reminder: 1st conjugation changes the stem vowel -a to e (ama -> ame). Add -a to the present stem for all other conjugations.
• **Remember for deponent verbs, you will need to "fix" the 2nd principal part to form the imperfect subjunctive stem. The imperfect subjunctive stem should always end in -re. For instance:
• loquor, loqui, locutus sum
  • 2nd PP = loqui
  • Change -i to -ere
    • loquere- = imperfect subjunctive stem

Forms Chart

Below are the active and passive subjunctive mood forms of dicere, fully conjugated. The perfect and pluperfect passive voice forms are written with the abbreviated perfect participle. The full participles would be written:

• Singular: dictus, dicta dictum (abbreviated: dictus, a, um)
• Plural: dicti, dictae, dicta (abbreviated: dicti, ae, a)

Active Subjunctive Forms of dicere

	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect
Stem Used	Present Subjunctive	Imperfect Subjunctive	Perfect Subjunctive	Pluperfect Subjunctive
Active Forms	dicam dicas dicat dicamus dicatis dicant	dicerem diceres diceret diceremus diceretis dicerent	dixerim dixeris dixerit dixerimus dixeritis dixerint	dixissem dixisses dixisset dixissemus dixissetis dixissent

Passive Subjunctive Forms of dicere

	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect
Stem Used	Present Subjunctive	Imperfect Subjunctive	Participle Stem	Participle Stem
Passive Forms	dicar dicaris dicatur dicamur dicamini dicantur	dicerer dicereris diceretur diceremur diceremini dicerentur	dictus, a, um sim dictus, a, um sis dictus, a, um sit dicti, ae, a simus dicti, ae, a sitis dicti, ae, a sint	dictus, a, um essem dictus, a, um esses dictus, a, um esset dicti, ae, a essemus dicti, ae, a essetis dicti, ae, a essent