AM: Lesson - Deponent Verbs - Other Forms

Deponent Verbs - Other Forms

Deponent verbs act like any regular verb, in that they can form participles and can be used in the imperative mood. Let's explore these special forms for deponent verbs.

Participles

The image depicts Vulcan, god of the forge. Having made weapons and armor for both gods and heroes, he was celebrated during the Vulcanalia festival in ancient Rome. The phrase having made is a participle, but it is perfect active (Vulcan is the one who made the weapons and armor) - but in Latin, all perfect participles are passive by nature. This lack of a true perfect active participle likely explains the existence of deponent verbs - they are able to form a perfect participle that looks passive but is used in the active voice.

Participle Review

The three main types of participles, or verbal adjectives, are:

1. Present active = -ing
2. Perfect passive = -ed
3. Future active = about to _____

Present Participles - Deponent Verbs

Just as with a regular active verb, the present active participle by adding -ns/ens, (gen. -ntis/entis) to the present stem. Recall, -ns is used for 1st and 2nd conjugation verbs, will -ens is used for 3rd and 4th conjugation verbs. The present participles for deponent verbs will use 3rd declension adjective endings and be translated using the -ing form of the verb. This participle uses the same formation rules as the present active participle for regular verbs, so is a rare example of a deponent verb using active voice formation rules.

Let's use the following deponent verbs to explore participles:

• hortor, hortari, hortatus sum - to encourage
• vereor, vereri, veritus sum - to fear
• loquor, loqui, locutus sum - to speak, say, tell
• patior, pati, passus sum - to suffer
• orior, oriri, ortus sum - to rise

Present Participles - Deponent Verbs

1st Conjugation	2nd Conjugation	3rd Conjugation	3rd-io Conjugation	4th Conjugation
hortans (gen. hortantis) encouraging Present Stem: hortari -ri horta- Add -ns (gen. ntis)	verens (gen. verentis) fearing Present Stem: vereri -ri vere- Add -ns (gen. ntis)	loquens (gen. loquentis) speaking Present Stem: loquor - or loqu- Add -ens (gen. entis)	patiens (gen. patientis) suffering Present Stem: patior - or pati- Add -ens (gen. entis)	oriens (gen. orientis) rising Present Stem: oriri -ri ori- Add -ens (gen. entis)

Perfect Participles

Deponent verbs appear to use passive forms but are always translated in the active voice. This means that the perfect participle for a deponent verb is actually a perfect active participle. This is the only way to create an active perfect participle. To obtain the perfect participle, obtain the participle stem, then add -us, a, um:

Perfect Participles - Deponent Verbs

1st Conjugation	2nd Conjugation	3rd Conjugation	3rd-io Conjugation	4th Conjugation
hortatus, hortata, hortatum having urged Participle Stem: hortatus - us hortat- Add -us, a, um	veritus, verita, veritum having feared Participle Stem: veritus - us verit- Add -us, a, um	locutus, locuta, locutum having said Participle Stem: locutus - us locut- Add -us, a, um	passus, passa, passum having suffered Participle Stem: passus - us pass- Add -us, a, um	ortus, orta, ortum* having arisen Participle Stem: ortus - us ort- Add -us, a, um

Nota Bene

• *There is an alternative participle form for this verb: oritus, orita, oritum.

Translating the Perfect Participle

The difference in translation between perfect passive and perfect active is the presence of the helping verb been.

• Passive Perfect Participle:
  • dictus - having been said
• Active Perfect Participle:
  • locutus - having said

Future Participles - Deponent Verbs

Deponent verbs are able to form regular future active participles. In a similar manner to a regular active verb, the future active participle is formed using the perfect participle, then adding -ur before the 1st/2nd declension ending. This participle uses the same formation rules as the future active participle for regular verbs, so is a rare example of a deponent verb using active voice formation rules.

Future Participles - Deponent Verbs

1st Conjugation	2nd Conjugation	3rd Conjugation	3rd-io Conjugation	4th Conjugation
hortaturus, hortatura, hortaturum about to urge Participle Stem: hortatus - us hortat- Add -ur (hortatur-) Add -us, a, um	veriturus, veritura, veriturum about to fear Participle Stem: veritus - us verit- Add -ur (veritur-) Add -us, a, um	locuturus, locutura, locuturum about to say Participle Stem: locutus - us locut- Add -ur (locutur-) Add -us, a, um	passurus, passura, passurum about to suffer Participle Stem: passus - us pass- Add -ur (passur-) Add -us, a, um	orturus, ortura, orturum about to rise Participle Stem: ortus - us ort- Add -ur (ortur-) Add -us, a, um

Nota Bene

• *There is an alternative participle form for this verb: oriturus, oritura, oriturum.

Deponent Verbs, Imperative Mood

Because deponent verbs only use passive forms, the imperative singular and plural will look different from the regular imperative forms.

Deponent Verbs - Imperative Mood Formation

Conjugation	Singular	Plural
1st, 2nd and 4th Conjugation Example Verb: conor, conari, conatus sum - to try	2nd Principal Part: change final -i to -e: conari -> conare Conare! - Try!	Use 2nd Person Plural, Present Tense form 2nd plural present = conamini Conamini! - Try!
3rd and 3rd-io Conjugation Example Verb: loquor, loqui, locutus sum - to tell	2nd Principal Part: change final -i to -ere: loqui -> loquere Loquere! - Tell!	Use 2nd Person Plural, Present Tense form 2nd plural present = loquimini Loquimini! = Tell!

Negative Imperatives

Deponent verbs will follow the same rules as regular verbs when creating a negative imperative. The word noli (singular) and nolite (plural) are followed by the present infinitive (2nd principal part):

• Singular:
  • Noli conari! - Don't try!
  • Noli loqui! - Don't tell!
• Plural:
  • Nolite conari! - Don't try!
  • Nolite loqui! - Don't tell!