GREV - Global Integration: A Revolutionary Time Module Overview

Global Integration: A Revolutionary Time

Introduction

Deep Thoughts with Enlightenment Thinkers icon Years ago, "Saturday Night Live" featured a segment called "Deep Thoughts with Jack Handy." In all honesty, they weren't very deep but they were repeated the next day by people who watched the show the night before. And that's exactly what happened during the time period covered in this unit. (The thoughts from the Enlightenment period were far more illuminating than Handy's. And the new thoughts on how to make stuff were more deep and complex than Handy's. So, it is, admittedly, a little different. But they did spread—even more so than Handy's "deep thoughts.") Those thoughts turned into words and those words were repeated around the globe and, before long, those words turned into actions. There was a Scientific Revolution. There was an Industrial Revolution. And there were lots and lots of political revolutions - all stemming from those original "deep thoughts."

Essential Questions

What role did geography play in the Industrial Revolution?
What were the differing perspectives on economic theory both before and after the Industrial Revolution?
How are political reforms related to industrialization?
Why was imperialism different depending on location?
How did the Industrial and Political Revolutions and Rebellions change the norms of societies around the world?
How were the Scientific Revolution, the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution linked?

Key Terms

"DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS" — the doctrine that kings derive their authority from God, not from their subjects, and are therefore not accountable to those that they rule
"DOMESTIC SYSTEM" — also called Putting-out System, production system widespread in 17th-century western Europe in which merchant-employers "put out" materials to rural producers who usually worked in their homes to convert materials into products; replaced by the Industrial Revolution
"GREAT FEAR" — wave of panic that swept French peasants at the start of the French Revolution in 1789 CE
"REIGN OF TERROR" — murderous phase of the French Revolution from September 1793 until the fall of Robespierre in 1794; its purpose was to purge France of enemies of the Revolution and protect the country from foreign invaders with as many as 40,000 persons executed
"SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA" — European rush to colonize parts of Africa at the end of the 19^th Century
ABSOLUTE MONARCHY — a form of monarchy in which one ruler has supreme authority of his/her nation without restrictions by laws, legislatures or customs; based on the concept of the "Divine Right of Kings"
AGE OF REVOLUTIONS — (1774-1848 CE) a period of significant revolutionary movements in Europe and the Americas; noted for its changes from absolutist monarchies to constitutional states and republics
AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY WAR — (1775-1781 CE, Treaty signed 1783) the war for American independence from Great Britain
ANCIÉN REGIME — social structure in France before 1789 consisting of an absolute monarchy; period of 175 years when the King of France refused to call on the Estates-General
BATTLE OF WATERLOO —the decisive battle that ended Napoleon Bonaparte's reign as the Emperor of the French in 1815; British and Prussian forces defeated French forces at Waterloo in Belgium
BERLIN CONFERENCE — (1884 CE) conference held in Berlin, Germany that regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power
BOXER REBELLION — (1899-1901 CE) Chinese uprising led by peasants known as "Boxers" opposed to foreign influence and the Qing Dynasty
BRITISH RAJ — (1858-1947 CE) rule of the British monarchy in India following the Great Indian Rebellion of 1857; also known as Crown Rule or Direct Rule
CANTON SYSTEM — (1759-1842 CE) Chinese trade policy; established in 1759 CE, the Canton System restricted European trade in China to the port of Canton and required European traders to have Chinese guild merchants act as guarantors for their good behavior and payment of fees
CAPITALISM — an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state
COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY — created in April 1793 by the National Convention and then restructured in July 1793—formed the de facto executive government in France during the Reign of Terror (1793-94)
CONGRESS OF VIENNA — (1814-1815 CE) International conference to reorganize Europe after the downfall of Napoleon Bonaparte; at the conference, European monarchies agreed to respect each other's borders and to cooperate in guarding against future revolutions and war
CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY — a form of national government in which the power of the monarch (the king or queen) is restrained by a parliament, by law, or by custom
DEISM — the Enlightenment belief in a passive God that created the universe but did not interfere in its day-to-day existence
DOM PEDRO II — (1825-1891 CE) the second and last emperor of the Empire of Brazil; known for modernizing and stabilizing Brazil; often considered one of the greatest Brazilians of all time
ENCLOSURE — term used to describe the 18^th Century English farmers' practice of "enclosing their farms" to experiment with crops and animals and to convert public lands to commercial agriculture
ENLIGHTENED DESPOTS — 17^th and 18^th Century European absolute monarchs who pursued legal, social, and educational reforms inspired by the Enlightenment
ENLIGHTENMENT — (1685-1815 CE) intellectual movement in 18^th Century Europe stressing natural laws and reason as the basis of authority
ESTATES-GENERAL — French quasi-parliamentary body called in 1789 to deal with the financial problems that afflicted France; (had not met since 1614)
ETHNOCENTRISM — belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group
FRANCIS BACON — (1561-1626 CE) English statesman who encouraged the use of inductive logic during the Scientific Revolution
GALILEO GALILEI — (1564-1642 CE) Italian scientist who confirmed Copernicus's Heliocentric Theory; first scientist to use a telescope to study the stars
GLORIOUS REVOLUTION — (1688-1689 CE) the overthrow of King James II of England by a union of English Parliamentarians and the Dutch Prince William of Orange; led to the installment of King James II's daughter (Mary) and son-in-law (William) as co-regents of England
GREAT INDIAN REBELLION OF 1857 — (1857 CE) local Indian rebellion against the British East India Company in India; started as a military rebellion of the sepoys and expanded into various local civilian rebellions throughout the subcontinent; despite the British East India Company's victory, the company was shut down by the British Parliament
HELIOCENTRIC THEORY — astronomy theory that established the sun, rather than the earth, as the center of the solar system; Nicolaus Copernicus and Galileo Galilei
IMPERIAL DIET — (1889-1947 CE) representative assembly of Japan formed during the Meiji Restoration
IMPERIALISM — the taking of new territories by a state and the incorporation of these territories into a political system as subordinate colonies; the industrialized movement to dominate non-industrialized regions of the world in order to gain access to raw materials and to have a ready market for manufactured goods
INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS — formed in 1885, an Indian political party deeply committed to constitutional methods, industrialization and Indian cultural nationalism; defining force behind the Indian Independence Movement
INDIVIDUALISM — Enlightenment principle with the recognition of every person as a valuable individual with inalienable rights
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION — gradual gathering and spreading of old and new technical knowledge that led to major economic changes in Great Britain, northwestern Europe, and North America catapulting these countries ahead of the rest of the world in manufacturing and agricultural output and standards of living
JACOBINS — a member of a democratic club established in Paris in 1789; the most radical and ruthless of the political groups formed in the wake of the French Revolution, and in association with Robespierre they executed King Louis XVI and instituted the Reign of Terror in 1793-94
JAMES WATT — (1736-1819 CE) Scottish inventor who made improvements in 1769 and 1784 to the steam engine by converting a machine of limited use to one of efficiency with many applications that powered the Industrial Revolution
JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU — (1712-1778 CE) French philosopher who believed that government is a contract between the rulers and the people and that all people are born free; also advocated the separation of powers within government
JOHANNES KEPLER — (1571-1630 CE) German astronomer who established laws on planetary motions; Scientist of Scientific Revolution
JOHN LOCKE — (1632-1704 CE) English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property
JOINT-STOCK COMPANY — a business that raised funds through the sale of stocks in the company
KARL MARX — (1818-1883 CE) German philosopher and economist who created Marxism and believed that a revolution of the working classes would overthrow the capitalist order and create a classless society; father of socialism
KING LOUIS XIV — (1638-1715 CE) absolute monarch of the House of Bourbon; ruled France as king from 1643 to 1715; moved the royal court from Paris to the Palace at Versailles; also known as the Sun King
KING LOUIS XVI — (1754-1793 CE) King of France during the French Revolution
MANIFEST DESTINY — belief that it was God's will for the United States to expand its territory and political processes across the North American continent
MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE — (1758-1794 CE) head of the Jacobins and the Committee of Public Safety during the French Revolution; mastermind of the French Reign of Terror (1793-1794)
MEIJI RESTORATION — (1868-1912 CE) reign of the Meiji emperor in Japan; characterized by a new nationalist Japanese identity, economic advances, and political transformation away from the shogunate
MERCANTILISM — the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism
MEXICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE — (1810-1821 CE) series of armed conflicts that ended Spanish rule over New Spain and established Mexico as an independent nation
MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR — (1846-1848 CE) war between Mexico and the United States over Mexico's northern territories
MONOPOLY — the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service
MONROE DOCTRINE — a principle of US policy, originated by President James Monroe in 1823, that any intervention by external powers in the politics of the Americas is a potentially hostile act against the US
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE — (1769-1821 CE) French general who rose to power in a post-Revolutionary military coup; became emperor of France and drafted the Napoleonic Code in 1804; responsible for French conquest throughout Europe until his defeat and exile
NAPOLEONIC CODE — legal code drafted by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1804; it distilled different legal traditions to create one uniform law; ended feudal privileges of all kinds and set the conditions for exercising property rights
NAPOLEONIC WARS — (1799-1815 CE) series of wars fought between France, under Napoleon Bonaparte, and (principally) Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria either alone or in alliances
NATIONAL SECLUSION POLICY — (1630s-1860s CE) in Japan; foreign relations policy of Japan adopted by the Tokugawa Shogunate which placed severe restrictions on the entry of foreigners to Japan and the exit of nationals from Japan
NATIONALISM — the idea that members of a shared community called a "nation" should have sovereignty within the borders of their state
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS — (1473-1543 CE) Polish astronomer instrumental in establishing the concept of a heliocentric solar system, in which the sun, rather than the earth, is the center of the solar system
OPEN DOOR POLICY — (1899 CE) policy proposed by the United States that would give all foreign nations equal access to trade with China in exchange for protection of Chinese sovereignty
OPIUM WARS — (1839-1842; 1856-1860 CE) series of wars fought between the British and Qing China over British trade in opium
OTTO VON BISMARCK — (1815-1898 CE) Prussian chancellor credited with unifying the German states into the German Empire by 1871 CE; German statesman responsible for developing Germany into a powerful European nation in the 19^th Century
PETER THE GREAT — (1672-1725) enlightened despot of Romanov family in Russia; ruled Russia as tsar from 1682 to 1725
PHILOSOPHE — Enlightenment philosophers of France
PIERRE TOUSSANT L'OUVERTURE — (1743-1803 CE) leader of the Haitian Revolution
PORFIRIO DÍAZ — (1830-1915 CE) President of Mexico from 1876 to 1911
PROTECTIONISM — the economic policy of restraining trade between states (countries) through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, and a variety of other government regulations; under mercantilism, protectionism also established trade monopolies with other nations or colonies
QUININE — compound used as a tonic and antimalarial drug; solution to deadly African disease for Europeans that allowed for the "Scramble for Africa"
RATIONALISM — foundation of the Enlightenment; the belief that by using their power of reason, humans could establish universal truths and improve life
RELATIVISM — the Enlightenment principle that argued different ideas, cultures, and beliefs had equal merit in the pursuit of knowledge
ROMANTICISM — a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing personal emotion and imagination
ROOSEVELT COROLLARY — declaration made by President Theodore Roosevelt in December 1904 authorizing the U.S. intervention of neighboring American countries in order to counter threats posed to U.S. security and interests
RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR — (1904-1905 CE) the war between Russia and Japan over control of Chinese territories in Manchuria and Korea
SALONS — key institutions of the Enlightenment; locations where men and women met to hold intellectual conversations regarding themes of the Enlightenment
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION — (1550-1700 CE) Europe; the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature
SEPOYS — native Hindu and Muslim recruits of the East India Company's military force in India
SEVEN YEARS WAR — (1756-1763 CE) World-wide war that ended when Prussia defeated Austria, establishing itself as a European power, and when Great Britain gained control of India and many of France's colonies through the Treaty of Paris of 1763
SIMÓN BOLIVAR — (1783-1830 CE) Venezuelan leader who urged his followers to become "American," to overcome their local identities in order to form a Latin American confederation; declared his nation independent of Spain in 1811
SINO-JAPANESE WAR — (1894-1895 CE) Conflict over the control of Korea in which China was forced to cede the province of Taiwan to Japan
SIR ISAAC NEWTON — (1642-1727 CE) English; arguably the most notable scientist of the Scientific Revolution
SKEPTICISM — the Enlightenment theory that certain knowledge is impossible as human perception was too relative for any one "truth" to be considered credible
SOCIAL CONTRACT — the idea, drawn from the writings of Enlightenment philosophers that the law should bind both ruler and people; direct contradiction to the "Divine Right of Kings" concept
SOCIAL DARWINISM — the philosophy that supported an industrialized nation's right to dominate and abuse a weaker nation
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR — (1898) war between the U.S. and Spain in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines
SPHERES OF INFLUENCE — a country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority
SUEZ CANAL — man-made waterway built through the Suez Peninsula (Egypt) to connect the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea; completed in 1869
TAIPING REBELLION — (1850-1864 CE) large-scale rebellion against the Qing Dynasty and the presence of foreigners in China following the First Opium War led by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
THOMAS HOBBES — (1588-1679 CE) English Enlightenment philosopher; believed in a strong central government; advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings
VOLTAIRE — (1694-1778 CE) French Enlightenment philosophe; often criticized the Catholic Church and advocated freedom of speech and religion and a separation between church and state
WOMEN'S MARCH — a march led by armed peasant women in France against the Palace at Versailles in 1789; culminated in the forced transfer of the French royal family from Versailles to Paris to live under surveillance of French revolutionaries

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