VIL: Lesson - Perfect System of Esse
Perfect System of Esse
The irregular verb sum, esse, fui, futurus (to be) can be formed in the perfect, pluperfect or future perfect tenses. Unlike its present system forms, the perfect system is formed just like every other verb: use the perfect stem (3rd PP - i) and add the tense endings. Reminder: every Latin verb forms its perfect system in the same way, even the most irregular verbs!
- sum, esse, fui, (futurus) - to be
- Perfect stem: fui - i = fu-
Perfect Tense
Endings: i, isti, it, imus, istis, erunt
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | fui | fuimus |
| 2nd Person | fuisti | fuistis |
| 3rd Person | fuit | fuerunt |
Translation:
- fui - I have been
- fuisti - You have been
- fuit - He/She/It has been
- fuimus - We have been
- fuistis - You (plural) have been
- fuerunt - They have been
Pluperfect Tense
Endings: eram, eras, erat, eramus, eratis, erant
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | fueram | fueramus |
| 2nd Person | fueras | fueratis |
| 3rd Person | fuerat | fuerant |
Translation:
- fueram - I had been
- fueras - You had been
- fuerat - He/She/It had been
- fueramus - We had been
- fueratis - You (plural) had been
- fuerant - They had been
Future Perfect Tense
Endings: ero, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erint
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | fuero | fuerimus |
| 2nd Person | fueris | fueritis |
| 3rd Person | fuerit | fuerint |
Translation:
- fuero - I will have been
- fueris - You will have been
- fuerit - He/She/It will have been
- fuerimus - We will have been
- fueritis - You (plural) will have been
- fuerint - They will have been
Practice Activity